World MS Day on 30 May 2025
Scientists of the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) have investigated potential risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS) in childhood and adolescence as part of the German National Cohort (NAKO). Their analysis shows that frequent infections in childhood, major stressful life events, higher maternal age at first birth and low physical activity might be associated with an increased risk of MS. At the same time, the study confirmed already known risk factors for the disease.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and can significantly impair the quality of life of those affected. “The causes of MS are still mostly unknown. Some studies suggest that environmental and lifestyle factors can induce the development of disease in genetically predisposed people. Known risk factors include a genetic predisposition, an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, a vitamin D deficiency, smoking and obesity. Influences from childhood and adolescence have so far been less well studied,” reports Professor Dr Heiko Becher from the Institute of Global Health at Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD).
The current study is a case-control study nested into the NAKONAKO participants with and without MS were asked about risk factors in the additional study. Factors of particular interest included prenatal factors, infectious diseases in childhood, time spent outdoors in childhood and adolescence, physical activity in teenage years, body mass index (BMI) at the age of 18, stressful life events and smoking behaviour. In total, data from 576 people who self-reported a medically conformed diagnosis of MS (396 women and 180 men) and 895 control subjects without MS (638 women and 257 men) were included in the analysis. The control group consisted of randomly selected people without MS who were individually matched to a person with MS based on their year of birth, sex and study centre.
The researchers used statistical models to analyse which factors are associated with an increased risk of MS in childhood and adolescence. The so-called odds ratio (OR) indicates how strong the association is compared to the control group: a value below 1 indicates a lower risk, a value above 1 an increased risk. The results showed associations between MS and childhood infections (OR=1.14 per additional infection), stressful life events (OR 1.25 per additional event), being the first-born child of a mother 30 years or older at birth (OR = 2.11) and physical activity in adolescence (OR=0.82 per increase in activity level) – in this case, however, in the opposite direction, i.e. with a lower risk with more exercise.
The study also confirmed already known risk factors, including a family history of the disease, an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus and being overweight or obese as a child or adolescent. However, no associations were found for any of the other factors analysed, including having a serious illness (with the exception of MS), passive smoking – i.e. parental smoking during pregnancy and in the participant’s childhood and adolescence – or time spent outdoors.
“Our results underline the relevance of existing preventive measures in the context of other non-communicable diseases – for example to prevent childhood infectious diseases, to encourage healthy eating habits or to motivate people to be active. These could also be promising strategies in MS prevention. One particularly impressive example is physical activity: current studies show that exercise in adulthood can act as a protective factor against MS. Targeted physical activity programmes in adolescence might also potentially help to lower the risk of MS,” says Anja Holz, first author and scientist at the Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology at the UKE. In addition, the findings provide a basis for further studies, for example on the question of whether and to what extent the newly identified risk factors are associated with the severity of the disease.
World MS Day
On 30 May 2025, World MS Day will draw attention for the 17th time to the 2.8 million people worldwide who live with the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. The German Multiple Sclerosis Society (DMSG) provides information, raises awareness independently, dispels prejudices and promotes understanding and support for people with MS and their relatives.
More: DMSG – Deutsche Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft, Welt MS Tag | WeltMSTag